In this industry, having a sound methodology can mean the difference between the success of investment strategies and being just another manager. Since 1996, DWS has used its own proprietary valuation methodology to analyze global companies, known as CROCI. According to Colin McKenzie, Head of the CROCI Strategy at DWS, it is not merely a value framework—it is an economic measurement framework.
He notes that this approach allows them to identify opportunities across value, quality, and growth, and to build strategies capable of participating in vastly different market regimes while anchoring to the same underlying philosophy. In this interview, McKenzie discusses how the methodology has evolved, what it entails, and what it contributes to their investment strategies.
How has the CROCI model evolved?
The core objective of the CROCI methodology has remained unchanged for over 30 years; what has evolved is our capability to execute it, as corporate reporting standards and disclosure requirements have improved significantly over time. For instance, the model was enhanced to reflect the growing use of employee stock option plans in the early 2000s; adjustments for operating leases grew more sophisticated as disclosures improved (though, more recently, many have been brought fully onto the balance sheet under specific conditions); and, more recently, the expanding availability of ESG-related information has provided additional insight into companies’ long-term economic sustainability.
At the same time, the rise of intangible assets has made economic analysis more important than ever. Traditional accounting often treats investments in areas such as research and development, software, intellectual property, and brand building differently from physical investments, making comparisons across companies and sectors difficult. CROCI aims to correct these distortions wherever possible, enabling companies to be evaluated on a more economically consistent basis.
A defining feature is that it recalculates the balance sheets of hundreds of companies to derive their true Economic P/E. How often is the database for these companies reviewed and updated?
The CROCI database is continuously updated by a dedicated team of analysts who review company models whenever new financial information becomes available. Across our entire global coverage, this accounts for approximately 70,000 hours of company analysis and database updates each year. Each company is reviewed using a consistent economic framework, which helps ensure comparability across sectors, regions, and accounting regimes.
This depth of research is one of the main differentiating factors of the CROCI process and reflects the importance we place on understanding the true economic position of every business. At the same time, the process is designed to be agile. Under normal market conditions, company models are continuously updated as new information arrives. However, during periods of exceptional economic shift or uncertainty, we can accelerate the process significantly.
This combination of analytical depth and responsiveness enables us to maintain discipline, even during periods of market volatility and earnings seasons. While market sentiment and stock prices can swing rapidly, our goal remains ensuring that the underlying economic data is as current and comparable as possible. As valuations adjust, the investment process can respond efficiently using the latest fundamental company data without needing to alter the core investment philosophy.
Why is the Cash Return on Capital Invested metric particularly useful for fund selectors today compared to traditional P/E or Price-to-Book ratios?
Traditional valuation metrics, such as the price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio or price-to-book ratio, can be useful, but they are heavily influenced by accounting conventions and often fail to offer a consistent foundation for comparing companies across different sectors, countries, and business models. This challenge has become even more acute in a world where intangible assets, intellectual property, and software play an increasingly central role in value creation.
The CROCI framework addresses this by rebuilding these indicators from an economic perspective, creating a consistent measure of the capital invested in a company and the cash returns generated by that capital. Investors can view this as conducting venture capital-style due diligence on publicly traded equities.
What advantages does this offer?
This allows us not only to calculate a more meaningful valuation indicator, such as the Economic P/E, but also to derive consistent measures of quality—through the cash return on capital invested—and growth—through changes in a company’s underlying economic earnings power. This distinction is vital because, ultimately, investors need to understand not just how much they are paying, but why they are paying it. By placing valuation, quality, and growth on the same economic footing, CROCI enables investors to compare companies on truly equivalent terms.
For fund selectors, this can be especially valuable in today’s market environment, where valuation dispersion remains elevated and accounting indicators often struggle to reflect the true economic reality of modern businesses. The strength of the CROCI framework lies in providing a consistent lens through which to evaluate valuation, quality, and growth together, allowing capital to be allocated based on economic reality rather than accounting presentation.
Today’s quantitative universe is dominated by multi-factor strategies driven by big data or advanced algorithms. What sets CROCI’s quantitative approach apart?
We view CROCI as an active, systematic approach, so in many respects it can be seen as a blend of both. Portfolio construction is systematic and rules-based, which brings consistency, transparency, and repeatability. However, the foundation of the process is fundamentally research-driven, rather than relying on statistical factor mining or purely data-driven optimization.
The most important part of CROCI is not the portfolio algorithm, but the underlying economic analysis of the companies. Our analysts reconstruct financial statements to understand how companies actually create value, generate cash flows, and earn returns on capital.
For that reason, we often describe CROCI as a systematic approach to fundamental investing. The research process is grounded in fundamental analysis, while portfolio execution is systematic. This combination allows us to apply the discipline of quantitative investing without losing sight of the economic realities of the companies in which we invest.
