Tax: Avoidance is Not a Dirty Word

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My mother-in-law, may she rest in peace, used to say that the truth would always out (I never got to know if she had me in mind) but the truth is that we’ve been having something of an unlucky time in Europe these last few years. There’s a wonderful Spanish proverb which, roughly translated goes: (we’re so unlucky that), were we to buy a circus, the dwarves in the act would start to grow taller.

On the one hand, there’s the United Kingdom which seems determined to tell the rest of Europe to go to hell. Brexit reminded me of that famous headline in the ‘30s in The Times “Fog in the Channel – Europe Isolated”.

If Brexit and the single currency crisis weren’t enough, now we have a storm gathering around the whole issue of international tax.

Let’s put to one side, just for now, the imminent Common Reporting Standard (CRS) and go back to fundamental principles, first articulated in the 1930s which, despite the obvious barbarism of that time, now looks, from the perspective of the international tax planner, like an age of enlightenment. It was the noble Lord Tomlin who, in the case IRC v. Duke of Westminster (1936), famously said:

“Every man is entitled if he can to arrange his affairs so that the tax attaching under the appropriate Acts is less than it otherwise would be. If he succeeds in ordering them so as to secure that result, then, however unappreciative the Commissioners of Inland Revenue or his fellow taxpayers may be of his ingenuity, he cannot be compelled to pay an increased tax”

Two years before, the Learned Hand J made a similar pronouncement in Helvering v. Gregory (1934). A man, he said, may quite legally arrange his affairs with the objective of paying the least amount of tax possible and, in doing so; “there is not even a patriotic duty to increase one’s taxes”.

It might be argued that these are sentiments and principles of a by-gone age or that it’s unique to English jurisprudence. Even if that were the case, the fact is that at least in the sphere of Anglo-Saxon tax planning, this is the fundamental principle on which legions of professionals have based their advice and plans in the intervening decades and legitimately sought to achieve for clients the objective to minimise tax due.

I may indeed risk the accusation of being out of touch but I’m nonetheless ready to proclaim that tax avoidance is not only legal and sinless (and remains so, despite CRS etc) but also ticks all three boxes for that sweet dream I saw over a market shop in Spain recently: Bueno, Bonito y Barato. It gets a little lost in translation but essentially, it’s (relatively) Cheap, Attractive and, on the whole, a darn Good Thing.

Before anyone says otherwise, let’s be clear that I’m talking about tax avoidance and not tax evasion. If you don’t know the difference, the internet is quite clear about it.

In this context, perhaps inevitably our thoughts must turn to the recent Apple versus the European Union case. In case you haven’t heard, the European Commission, an un-elected civil service, held on the 30th August 2016 that Apple Inc which is legally established in the Republic of Ireland, had numerous employees in that country and a written agreement with the sovereign Government of that Republic, had to pay no less than €13 billion in back taxes. It’ll be even more than that when interest is taken into account.

Following this unfortunate circumstance, Apple, with some justification, felt miffed. The Irish, too, were apparently hacked off at the thought of having to accept a cheque for the equivalent of 6.25% of their entire annual GDP. It’s tempting to think of a number of European countries who, in their shoes, cheque in hand, would have been dancing, laughing and toasting the good health of the Commission all the way to the bank.

But, assuming the Irish were genuinely upset, they, and Apple naturally, had every right to be so. The notion that a company, much as those involved in IRC v. Duke of Westminster or Helvering v. Gregory, no longer has the right to so order its affairs so as to pay the minimum amount of tax seems not so much the self-evident injustice that it is as something much more serious. It’s a heist.

A rhetorical question: how many countries and governments continue to have serious economic problems and crises around the world? In Europe, these are magnified by specific local problems.

Firstly, there is the notion that the conflagration affecting monetary “union” has been put out. Far from it. The fire is still blazing but it’s being contained in back rooms and dark places. The fireman has put on his Sunday best in an effort to convince the world that he’s off duty but the reality is that, in the background, he’s chucking everything he can at the fire because he ran out of water ages ago.

Secondly, even though Euro-governments would have us believe otherwise or the media have moved on from it, the crisis of migration to Europe from Africa and the Middle East shows no sign of stopping and the cost of that is going to be huge.

Thirdly, and possibly the most important aspect in this context, governments are locked in competition with each other to increase their revenues. They called it “harmful tax competition” and we thought it was about us when, actually, they’re the ones competing. How much is the US trying to fine Deutsche Bank? Is it anywhere close to €13billion?

As politics goes, it’s got to be the easiest game in town. Whacking the rich who legitimately try to avoid tax, using the same laws that you have yourself passed, is easier than taking candy from the kid in the proverb. Nowadays, nobody cares if the rich get knocked on the head. On the contrary, envy is, alas, the spirit of the age.

Politicians, the media, commentators, – left and right wing and the centre – all use words like “privacy” and “offshore” to mean “illegitimate secrecy” as if arranging your affairs in private automatically implies you’re a gangster. The day is surely coming when we will all need to file our tax returns on our Facebook page or send the Revenue a Whatsapp every time we want to do a deal or arrange a transaction.

Rather than holding up MNCs as the economic pillars on which the capitalist system is built and through which jobs are created, wealth is generated, delivering cash to employees, shareholders and, without a shred of irony, governments themselves, “big business” and similar terms seem also to have become euphemisms for illegitimate and grasping commercial practice.

The Apple case is a serious problem because, even though the Commission came to that view in accordance with the EU’s own standards and norms, it telegraphs the message to the world that in today’s Europe you cannot come to an agreement with a national government and be secure that it’s unequivocally certain.

Tax planners and those, like Abacus Gibraltar, who implement their plans, have no shortage of clients – that in itself tells a story. Neither are we afraid of having to do it transparently and without the aim of hiding the result, always respecting the right to privacy, because we’ve always done it like that.

Even though we live in an age of exhibitionism and the zeitgeist is not to think about things too much or too deeply, the reality is that for so long as there are laws for the payment of tax, someone somewhere is going to sit down and see what can be done to use them as the skeleton of an alternative plan.

This IS a big deal because my mother-in-law was right: truth is not subjective. To write off as criminals all of us who undertake this kind of work for clients is simply a lie. We all know that the real problem is dirty money, hidden away or used for immoral or illegal purposes, like drug-trafficking, terrorism and war. The blood of millions of Africans, for instance, cries out above the illicit gains of brutal dictators, tucked away in countries like Switzerland over the decades. The dishonesty lies in not tackling that, rather than trying to make it an issue of utility bills, passport copies and tax avoidance structures for the legitimately prosperous.

So, governments will always look for an ever-bigger tax take but there will similarly always be, by logical deduction, honest, legal and transparent avoidance

I’ll dare to go further. Offshore financial centres, from the smallest Caribbean island to the really big ones like Delaware, Luxembourg and The Netherlands, via the Channel Islands and Gibraltar, are an important and necessary conduit for international capital flows and the conduct and interchange of global commerce.

Still further. All those of us who do this work and those who buy the results of it still have the constitutional right to privacy and, dare one say it, secrecy. It’s a legitimate and morally justifiable part of being in business. Last time I looked, privacy had not yet been abolished.

So, Bueno, Bonito y, por general, Barato.

I may be a dinosaur but I’m not embarrassed about what I and my fellow professionals do. And to Apple I would say: Come to Gibraltar. We may be small but we will get the job done.

Column by Christopher Pitaluga, Abacus’ CEO
 

François Farjallah, New Global Head of the Middle East Region at Indosuez

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Indosuez Wealth Management, the global wealth management division of Crédit Agricole Group, has appointed François Farjallah as global head of the Middle East region.

Based in Indosuez regional hub in Switzerland, he will drive and coordinate all wealth management activities in the region.

Indosuez’s Middle East business is primarily developed from offices located in Switzerland, in the United Arab Emirates (Dubai & Abu Dhabi) and Lebanon (Beirut).

Farjallah joins from Societe Generale Private Banking where he spent nine years and held a number of senior executive roles across Switzerland, Luxemburg, Greece, and the UAE.

Formerly, between 1998 and 2007 he worked at Credit Suisse across Switzerland and the Levant.

Indosuez Wealth Management had €110bn in AUM as at end of December 2015.

Peligra la venta de las filiales mexicanas de Deutsche Bank

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Deutsche Bank’s Sell of its Banking and Securities Subsidiaries in Mexico is in Jeopardy
Foto: ell brown. Peligra la venta de las filiales mexicanas de Deutsche Bank

Apenas el 26 de octubre, Deutsche Bank anunció haber llegado a un acuerdo para vender sus filiales mexicanas al banco prestamista InvestaBank. Sin embargo, la operación, que se esperaba cerrar en 2017, está en peligro. 

El lunes, el departamento de Justicia de los Estados Unidos acusó a Carlos Djemal e Isidoro Haiat, principales accionistas de InvestaBank, por su presunta participación en una operación internacional de lavado de dinero por más de 100 millones de dólares, que consistía en defraudar ingresos fiscales al Gobierno mexicano, relacionados con el Impuesto al Valor Agregado (IVA), y luego blanquear los recursos obtenidos en Estados Unidos y México.

Según el comunicado del fiscal de Nueva York, se presume que «desde aproximadamente junio del 2011 a, al menos mayo del 2016, Carlos Djemal, Isidoro Haiat, Braulio Lopez, Max Fraenkel, Daniel Blitzer, y Robert Moreno transfirieron fondos en los Estados Unidos y México, por medio de docenas de compañias de su creación, como parte de un esquema para obtener, de forma fraudulenta, reembolsos por parte del gobierno mexicano».

Investabank confirmó el martes que luego del arresto de Carlos Djemal Nehmad en Chicago, este fue separado del Consejo de Administración y de la operación del banco, sin embargo, no hizo declaración alguna sobre la supuesta situación del finado Haiat.

Haiat, quien murió en junio de 2015, era el principal accionista del banco, obstentaba una participación del 15,56% mientras que, con el 15,14% de Djemal, un 30,70% de InvestaBank se ve involucrado en la investigación estadounidense. En un comunicado, el banco también reiteró que continúa tanto con el incremento de capital programado, como con la compra de las dos subsidiarias mexicanas de Deutsche Bank. Mencionaron que «los inversionistas interesados en participar en el incremento de capital de InvestaBank han manifestado que los compromisos asumidos siguen su curso». Sin embargo, y según fuentes cercanas a la operación confirmaron a Funds Society, ese no es el caso para uno de los fondos involucrados, por lo que, a menos de que el Grupo Abraaj aumente su inversión en InvestaBank, el banco mexicano no cuenta con los suficientes recursos para realizar la compra. Funds Society ha contactado a Mitali Atal y Nyssa Kourakos a cargo de comunicación de Abraaj en los Emiratos Arabes, quienes informaron que por ahora no harán comentarios.

La posible compra se da mientras Deutsche Bank se encuentra bajo la amenaza de tener que enfrentarse a una multa de 14.000 millones de dólares sobre una presunta venta indebida de títulos respaldados por hipotecas, impuesta por el Departamento de Justicia de Estados Unidos y la encargada de comunicación del banco alemán, Kerrie McHuch, tampoco ha confirmado aún si planean continuar con la venta a InvestaBank.

More Opportunities in China Beckon Foreign Managers

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China lost some of its glow for investors since the collapse of A-shares in June last year, which precipitated volatility in global markets as well as in the RMB. However, in 2016, the booming asset management industry, with continued growth in every sector, cannot simply be ignored.

These are some of the key findings of Cerulli Associates‘ newly-released report, Asset Management in China 2016. Private funds is one area showing stunning growth, having expanded rapidly since the filing system with Asset Management Association of China (AMAC) was approved in 2014. Total AUM continued to rise, over 30% from end-2015, to reach RMB5.6 trillion (US$842.8 billion) at the end of second quarter 2016.

At the same time, the sector shows varying quality. To clean up shell companies and unqualified managers, AMAC deregistered nearly 10,000 private fund managers in the middle of this year. Nevertheless, more than 16,000 local private fund companies are still operating.

The long-awaited liberalization of the private funds industry finally received the go-ahead from the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) at the end of June this year. The Chinese authorities moved to broaden the business scope of WFOEs and joint ventures (JVs) by allowing them to establish onshore private securities funds under their own brands and directly invest into the Chinese market, including the secondary market.

«We should note that, despite the WFOE breakthrough, foreign exchange control measures remain in place, and so a WFOE’s fundraising activities and investment activities have to remain within China,» says Thusitha De Silva, director with Cerulli.

«For foreign asset managers that want to tap into the competitive local private fund industry, full-scale localization is necessary,» says Miao Hui, senior analyst with Cerulli who leads the China research initiative. «This should include distribution and investment networks, the capacity to handle legal issues, and local talent,» she adds.

Unlike many local managers, foreign asset managers typically have long-term time horizons. Pension funds and mutual funds, rather than private funds, could be their ultimate target product spaces to penetrate in China. However, to win domestic mandates, a domestic investment track record is necessary. Along with the deregulation of market entry, foreign asset managers could build up local teams, create brand awareness, and prepare for possible mandates.

 

Segunda edición de Desarrollo, Validación y Gestión de Riesgo de Modelos en LatAm

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2nd Annual Model Development, Validation and Risk Management in LATAM
Foto: Mauro Gonzalez Elizalde . Segunda edición de Desarrollo, Validación y Gestión de Riesgo de Modelos en LatAm

El próximo 14 de noviembre, Marcus Evans celebrará un foro de dos días en la ciudad de México.

La segunda edición de Desarrollo, Validación y Gestión de Riesgo de Modelos en LatAm ayudará a las instituciones financieras de Latinoamérica a examinar la efectividad de los esfuerzos y las políticas actuales para la gestión del riesgo de modelo, y consecuentemente ayudarles a desarrollar mejores programas y sistemas de gobierno. Los delegados tendrán la oportunidad de obtener un mayor conocimiento estratégico sobre cómo desarrollar y validar modelos internamente por equipos separados.

A su vez, ayudará a superar los principales retos que existen con la recolección de datos para los modelos. Por último, pero no menos importante, habrá ejemplos prácticos de control de riesgo del modelo a través de diversos modelos financieros.

Los asistentes a esta conferencia y lograrán:

  • Entender y reducir su riesgo de modelo
  • Obtener un mayor conocimiento sobre cómo medir el impacto del riesgo de modelo en LATAM
  • Aprender a superar los principales retos de desarrollo y validación de modelos
  • Evaluar diferentes técnicas de medición del riesgo en LATAM
  • Debatir el rol que la auditoría interna debería de tener dentro del proceso de riesgo de modelo

El evento está dirigido a directores de distintas áreas como: riesgos, auditoría interna, modelos, desarrollo de modelos, validación de modelos, riesgo de crédito, riesgo de mercado, riesgo operacional, entre otros.

Para mayor información por favor contacta a Alejandra Sacal o visite la página del evento.

Sotheby’s adquiere los índices Mei Moses Art

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Sotheby's Acquires The Mei Moses Art Indices
CC-BY-SA-2.0, FlickrFoto cedida. Sotheby's adquiere los índices Mei Moses Art

Sotheby´s ha anunciado la adquisición de los famosísimos índices de arte Mei Moses que, a partir de ahora, pasarán a llamarse Sotheby’s Mei Moses. Estos índices son ampliamente reconocidos como la medida por excelencia del estado del mercado del arte, pues se basan en datos de ventas repetidas -es decir, la venta del mismo objeto en diferentes puntos en el tiempo- para seguir los cambios en su valor. Con esta adquisición, Sotheby´s se hace con una herramienta analítica que proporciona información objetiva y verificable que complementa la experiencia de su equipo.

Los índices comprenden una base de datos constantemente actualizada de 45.000 ventas repetidas de objetos clasificados en ocho categorías, de los que aproximadamente 4.000 cambian de manos cada año. La metodología permite comparar el rendimiento de las inversiones de arte contra diversas clases de activos, analizar su rendimiento frente a miles de puntos de referencia y a competidores, y medir el impacto de las fuerzas macroeconómicas y sociales en el mercado del arte. Los índices utilizan modelos de datos y metodología de cálculo ya existente para garantizar su coherencia.

«La comunidad de coleccionistas es cada vez más sofisticada y busca análisis que le permita comprender el mercado global, tendencias de artistas en particular o de categorías, el valor de sus colecciones, así como entender mejor los tiempos para sus depósitos y adquisiciones», explica Adam Chinn, vicepresidente ejecutivo de Sotheby´s. «Estamos muy contentos de poder proporcionar a los coleccionistas información exclusiva adaptada a sus necesidades, y al tiempo poder identificar y examinar las tendencias que podrían inspirar futuras innovaciones dentro de Sotheby´s para servir mejor a nuestra creciente base de clientes».

PIABA: After Report Detailing BrokerCheck System’s Flaws, No Action Has Been Taken

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It´s been two and half years since the Public Investors Arbitration Bar Association (PIABA) reported the “serious deficiencies in the background information provided about financial professionals to investors through FINRA’s BrokerCheck website”.

Now PIABA says that “FINRA did not fix BrokerCheck. Instead, the industry self-regulatory organization made things worse by spending millions in advertising to get unwary investors to rely on the flawed BrokerCheck system”. The press release of the Association says “examples of information routinely not included in BrokerCheck reports, but available from many state securities agencies, include the circumstances of a broker’s termination of employment (especially when the broker quits during the course of his firm’s investigation of his conduct), bankruptcy filings, tax liens, and test scores”.

As the PIABA report notes: «… FINRA’s conduct in promoting the BrokerCheck system as the only way to check those backgrounds and qualifications has imposed a disservice upon those investors using the system. The reality is that investors who may have once researched their brokers by contacting their state securities regulators have been led to believe they can simply rely on an online BrokerCheck report, which they can access themselves on the internet or through brokerage firm website links. Unless an investor is employed in, or otherwise familiar with the securities industry, the chances are negligible that they know that the BrokerCheck report may well be hiding relevant information.»

Report co-author and PIABA President Hugh D. Berkson said: «Before FINRA spent millions of dollars advertising BrokerCheck, it should have fixed its broken disclosure system. The current incomplete BrokerCheck reports are of limited value. As things stand now, FINRA claims to offer information ‘You might want to know about,’ but fails to offer information you definitely want to know about. Investors should not be subject to the vagaries of their local public records laws to ensure that they gain the information necessary to fully and fairly assess their potential financial advisor. The answer to the problem is so simple, and the result so meaningful, FINRA cannot be allowed to continue to hype a broken system it knows is of limited utility.»

PIABA Executive Vice President and President-Elect Marnie C. Lambert, who co-authored the report, said: «This is a major problem when it comes to what investors are relying on for information about their financial advisors. FINRA incorrectly advertises the BrokerCheck reports as being ‘complete’ and helpful to investors but, in reality, BrokerCheck reports often omit information about brokers that is highly relevant and necessary for investors to make informed decisions about who they may want to hire.»

In calling for action, the PIABA report states: «[I]f FINRA is serious about protecting investors and truly believes, as it has professed, that researching a broker is a meaningful part of an investor’s broker selection process, PIABA calls upon FINRA to:

  1. Ensure that all complaints, arbitration awards, and settlements are promptly and accurately recorded in a broker’s and/or firm’s CRD record(s);
  2. Ensure that the data disclosed via BrokerCheck is, at a minimum, congruous with the most liberal state sunshine law;
  3. Include in BrokerCheck reports data concerning whether arbitration awards or settlements were actually paid;
  4. Add statistical information on the BrokerCheck home page to allow an investor to put an individual BrokerCheck report into context (e.g., include statistics showing the total number of registered brokers in the industry and the total number in the industry with one, two, three, four, or more investor complaints on their record);
  5. Open the entire BrokerCheck database to the public (e.g., academics and other third parties) to allow deep data analysis and development of quantitative and qualitative reports concerning brokers and brokers’ co-workers.

If FINRA fails to act, Congress should step to require more complete and transparent disclosure through BrokerCheck, according to PIABA.

September was Positive for the Investment Funds Market

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According to Otto Christian Kober, Global Head of Methodology at Thomson Reuters Lipper, assets under management in the global collective investment funds market grew US$167.6 billion (+0.5%) for September and stood at US$37.40 trillion at the end of the month. Estimated net outflows accounted for US$7.3 billion, while US$174.9 billion was added because of the positively performing markets. On a year-to-date basis assets increased US$2.43 trillion (+6.9%). Included in the overall year-to-date asset change figure were US$306.9 billion of estimated net inflows. Compared to a year ago, assets increased a considerable US$3.44 trillion (+10.1%). Included in the overall one-year asset change figure were US$664.8 billion of estimated net inflows. The average overall return in U.S.-dollar terms was a positive 0.7% at the end of the reporting month, outperforming the 36-month moving average return by 0.6 percentage point.

Most of the net new money for September was attracted by bond funds, accounting for US$37.9 billion, followed by mixed-asset funds and real estate funds, at US$6.8 billion and US$0.8 billion of net inflows, respectively. Money market funds, at negative US$46.7 billion, were at the bottom of the table for September, bettered by alternatives funds and equity funds, at US$2.9 billion and US$2.6 billion of net outflows, respectively. All asset types posted positive returns for the month, with commodity funds at 2.4%, followed by “other” funds and real estate funds, with 1.8% and 0.9% returns on average. The best performing funds for the month were commodity funds at 2.4%, followed by “other” funds and real estate funds, with 1.8% and 0.9% returns on average. Money market funds, at positive 0.3%, bottom-performed, bettered by mixed-asset funds and alternatives funds, with positive 0.5% and positive 0.6%, respectively.

Most of the net new money for the year to date was attracted by bond funds, accounting for US$409.9 billion, followed by commodity funds and “other” funds, with US$26.9 billion and US$5.5 billion of net inflows, respectively. Equity funds, at negative US$92.5 billion, were at the bottom of the table for the year to date, bettered by alternatives funds and money market funds, with US$23.6 billion of net outflows and US$20.5 billion of net outflows, respectively. All asset types posted positive returns for the month, with commodity funds at 11.9%, followed by “other” funds and bond funds, with 7.9% and 7.8% returns on average. Money market funds, at positive 2.0%, bottom-performed, bettered by alternatives funds and real estate funds, at positive 2.0% and positive 6.3%, respectively.

Most of the net new money for the one-year period was attracted by bond funds, accounting for US$420.4 billion, followed by money market funds and commodity funds, with US$219.9 billion and US$24.9 billion of net inflows, respectively. Alternatives funds, at negative US$34.8 billion, were at the bottom of the table for the one-year period, bettered by “other” funds and real estate funds, with US$0.6 billion and US$5.3 billion of net inflows, respectively. All asset types posted positive returns for the one-year period, with equity funds at 10.8%, followed by “other” funds and mixed-asset funds, with 10.5% and 8.5% returns on average. The best performing funds for the one-year period were equity funds at 10.8%, followed by “other” funds and mixed-asset funds, with 10.5% and 8.5% returns on average. Money market funds, at positive 1%, bottom-performed, bettered by alternatives funds and commodity funds, at positive 1.3% and positive 2.6%, respectively.

Looking at Lipper’s fund classifications for September, most of the net new money flows went into Bond USD Medium Term (+US$7.8 billion), followed by Equity Japan and Equity Emerging Mkts Global (+US$6.5 billion and +US$5.8 billion). The largest net outflows took place for Money Market USD, at negative US$32.9 billion, bettered by Money Market KRW and Equity US, at negative US$10.7 billion and negative US$8.7 billion, respectively.

Looking at Lipper’s fund classifications for the year to date, most of the net new money flows went into Bond USD Medium Term (+US$98.4 billion), followed by Bond USD Municipal and Money Market GBP (+US$46.4 billion and +US$43 billion). The largest net outflows took place for Equity US, at negative US$64.2 billion, bettered by Equity Europe and Mixed Asset CNY Flexible, at negative US$48 billion and negative US$47.7 billion, respectively.

Looking at Lipper’s fund classifications for the one-year period, most of the net new money flows went into Bond USD Medium Term (+US$112.8 billion), followed by Money Market USD and Money Market CNY (+US$78.5 billion and +US$68.2 billion). The largest net outflows took place for Equity US, at negative US$55.2 billion, bettered by Mixed Asset CNY Flexible and Equity Europe, at negative US$33.4 billion and negative US$33.0 billion, respectively.

Scarier than Halloween, at Least for the Markets…

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According to Anthony Doyle, Investment Director at M&G Retail Fixed Interest team, the financial world is a scary place. Debt, disinflation and deteriorating growth have plagued investors over the past year, plunging bond yields into negative territory in a number of countries. Perhaps most frighteningly, it is now eight years since the financial crisis and central banks in the developed world continue to employ an ultra-easy monetary policy stance. With government bond markets currently resembling a freak show at an extended point in the economic cycle, one may think that the next global recession could be around the corner. There is no need to watch scary movies this Halloween, as the following makes for some frightening reading.

Owning government bonds is a scary thing to do.

Developed market government bonds have been one of the best performing asset classes in 2016, confounding many predictions at the start of the year. In general, the right trade has been to own long duration assets, indeed the longer the better. Year after year investors predict that bond yields will rise and year after year bond yields make new lows. Of course, there are some very good reasons to expect this trend continue.

However, bond markets now expect that monetary policy normalisation won’t occur until some point in the distant future. Low inflation means that central banks continue to support their heavily indebted and ailing economies, resulting in almost $10 trillion worth of developed market government bonds trading with a negative yield. As a result, many companies – including banks – are struggling in this low (and negative) interest rate world. These companies are finding their existing business models challenged in an environment of low growth and tighter regulation. Pressures in the financial system are building, and it is unclear how these issues will be resolved.

Central banks are fearless. They own a lot of the bond market.

 

 

Central banks sizable purchases in government bond markets through quantitative easing means that term premiums (the extra amount that investors demand for lending at longer maturities) have been pushed further into negative territory. It was once inconceivable that investors would pay for the privilege of lending to a government. Now this phenomenon is commonplace not only in government bond markets but also for some recent corporate bond issuance.

It isn’t only central banks that are at the bond buying party. Demand continues to increase for long duration assets, from other large institutions like pension funds and insurance companies. The combination of central banks, pension funds and insurance companies has limited any sell-off in bond markets, reducing yields across the bond curve. Aging demographics means that safe haven assets may continue to remain in demand, forcing investors into riskier assets if they want to generate a positive real return.

If inflation rises, or interest rates go up, look out below.

 

 

Despite the negative yield environment we now find ourselves in, how central banks react to the next inflationary shock will have huge ramifications for bond inventors. With global bond portfolio duration close to 7 years, investors could face large capital losses if rates were to increase in a meaningful way. This raises a number of important questions. Will central banks hike rates in an environment of stagflation? How will politicians react when the paper losses on QE bought portfolios held at central banks are reported in the media? Could central bank independence come under threat? As many banks and insurance companies own long dated assets, will financial instability increase when long-dated bonds experience large capital losses?

Currently, the market is more focused on secular stagnation than inflationary concerns, but with oil up almost 100% from the February lows and trade protectionism starting to begin to carry favour in government buildings around the world, a global inflation shock might be closer than many currently expect.

Political risks in emerging markets could lead to forced selling.

 

 

Several emerging market sovereigns have been downgraded over the course of the past year, with ratings agencies highlighting political uncertainty as a major factor in the decision. The impact of the downgrade has been felt immediately, with heightened volatility in bond markets the result.

Large inflows into emerging market bond markets has left some countries vulnerable to increased political risks from abroad. Mexico is a good example given the current uncertainty surrounding the U.S. presidential election. Many emerging markets are also vulnerable should the US dollar strengthen, a possibility given the U.S. FOMC is by far and away the closest of any of the major central banks to hiking interest rates. An additional risk is the possibility of a large emerging market nation being downgraded from investment grade status, causing forced selling of hard currency debt by foreign investors.

China faces a huge debt overhang. Be afraid.

 

 

The most dangerous four words in finance are “this time is different”. And when it comes to credit booms, they don’t tend to end well.

One measure economists look at determine excess credit growth is a country’s credit overhang. This measures the difference between the credit-to-GDP ratio and its long-term trend. It has proven to be a reliable indicator, with the Bank of International Settlements stating that “in the past, two-thirds of all readings above this threshold (of 10) were followed by serious banking strains in the subsequent three years”. China’s credit-to-gross domestic product “gap” now stands at 30.1 percent, the highest for the nation in data stretching back to 1995, suggesting the banking system could already be coming under severe pressure.

«Numerous warning signs are flashing amber or red in the Chinese financial system, given that huge swatches of renminbi have gone into financing large-scale real estate projects and new production capacity for industrial sectors of the economy. This toxic combination of high and rising debt in a slowing economy tends to lead to an economic deterioration. As authorities continue to chase economic growth, capital is funnelled into unprofitable projects and overcapacity. Eventually, prices begin to fall and borrowers face large capital losses. Additionally, much of the finance available for investment projects was made available through the shadow banking system, which is more susceptible to a sudden stop in capital flows and a run on deposits.» He concludes.

OppenheimerFunds Launches an International Growth and Income Fund

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OppenheimerFunds, launched the Oppenheimer International Growth and Income Fund (Ticker: OIMAX). The fund is managed by Robert Dunphy, co-portfolio manager of Oppenheimer International Growth Fund, who joined the firm in 2004.

«We’re delighted to build on the success of our Oppenheimer International Growth Fund which celebrated its 20th anniversary earlier this year,» said Krishna Memani, Chief Investment Officer of OppenheimerFunds. «The fund seeks to expand on the success factors of the Oppenheimer International Growth Fund to investors looking for income in addition to long-term capital appreciation.»

The Oppenheimer International Growth and Income Fund will seek total return by investing in cash generative, dividend paying companies that may benefit from long-term secular growth trends. «Long-term investing must involve a disciplined investment process and the ability to look beyond index compositions or fleeting trends,» said George Evans, CIO, Equities, and Portfolio Manager Oppenheimer International Growth Fund. «Our strategy for this fund aims to do exactly that, to ascertain the true growth potential of companies.»

«Our investors want access to international companies that have structurally sustainable growth advantage, ignoring index biases,» commented Kamal Bhatia, Head of Investment Products and Solutions, OppenheimerFunds. «Designing products that can simultaneously participate in shareholder friendly income satisfies multiple client needs.»

OppenheimerFunds, a leader in global asset management, is dedicated to providing solutions for its partners and end investors. OppenheimerFunds, including its subsidiaries, manages more than $222 billion in assets for over 13 million shareholder accounts, including sub-accounts, as of September 30, 2016.