The United States has replaced temporary tariffs with new duties ranging between 10% and 12.5% targeting 60 countries, which account for 99% of its goods imports. Far from signaling a relaxation of tariff policy, this move highlights Washington’s determination to maintain strong trade protection while preparing new measures, as highlighted by Coface economists.
Washington Maintains Tariff Pressure
According to Coface, the expiration of temporary tariffs established under Section 122 does not represent a retreat in U.S. trade policy. These tariffs expired on July 24, but they have been replaced by new duties ranging from 10% to 12.5%, based on Section 301, applicable to 60 countries representing 99% of U.S. goods imports. This transition highlights Washington’s determination to maintain a high level of tariff protection despite legal hurdles encountered in recent months.
“The immediate impact on the average level of customs duties is expected to be limited: the new measures do not automatically add to already existing tariffs and do not significantly alter the average rate applied to U.S. imports. Nevertheless, they demonstrate the U.S. administration’s ability to adapt its instruments and continue advancing its trade strategy,” Coface analysts add.
A Stronger Legal Basis
Section 301 has already been used by the United States to impose tariffs, notably against China during the first Trump administration. Unlike the framework based on IEEPA, whose solidness was questioned due to the lack of explicit authorization to impose tariffs, Section 301 provides the White House with a stronger and more clearly established legal basis.
However, this increased legal foundation does not rule out the possibility of future challenges. To justify these duties, Washington argues that affected countries lack effective mechanisms to prohibit or control imports resulting from forced labor. Importing companies could challenge this rationale, particularly given that it applies to a very broad group of trading partners.
“This decision is not simply a technical renewal of existing tariffs. Above all, it demonstrates Washington’s intention to convert a contested regime into a more sustainable tariff framework. For businesses, the message is clear: the risk of U.S. tariffs remains high, even when a measure is on the verge of expiring,” explains Marcos Carias, North America economist at Coface.
New Tariffs on the Horizon
The new tariffs between 10% and 12.5% restore a common tariff framework for a large portion of U.S. imports, but they do not fully restore the previous regime. That regime also included additional surcharges targeting specific countries or products. It is precisely this second layer of measures that Washington could seek to reinstate in the coming months.
A new investigation under Section 301 is already underway, focusing this time on the structural overcapacity of 16 economies, including China, the European Union, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, India, Vietnam, Mexico, and several Southeast Asian countries. While both the timeline and tariff levels that could result from this probe remain unknown, this procedure could allow Washington to target its measures more specifically against certain economies.
Other sector-specific investigations are also being conducted, particularly in aerospace, drones, medical equipment, robotics, industrial machinery, wind turbines, critical minerals, and polysilicon. Here again, it is not possible to predict with precision what measures might be adopted, but these investigations confirm that U.S. tariff policy remains in full evolution.
Canada: An Example of Escalating Trade Pressure
The pressure being exerted on Canada illustrates this dynamic. The United States has announced new 50% tariffs on Canadian imports valued at $20 billion—equivalent to 5.2% of Canadian exports to the U.S.—set to take effect on August 19, 2026.
At first glance, this measure appears designed as a leverage tool in North American trade talks. Its macroeconomic impact would remain limited should it come into force, but it confirms the increasingly frequent use of tariffs as an instrument of economic and diplomatic pressure.
